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Glenanne gang
The Glenanne gang or Glenanne group was a secret informal alliance of Ulster loyalists, mostly from Northern Ireland, who carried out shooting and bombing attacks against Catholics and nationalists during the Troubles, beginning in the 1970s.〔(The Cassel Report (2006) ), cain.ulst.ac.uk; retrieved 28 September 2013.〕 Most of its attacks took place in the "murder triangle" area of counties Armagh and Tyrone.〔Tiernan, Joe (2000). ''The Dublin Bombings and the Murder Triangle''. Ireland: Mercier Press.〕 It also launched some attacks elsewhere in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. The gang included British soldiers from the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), police officers from the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), and members of the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).〔The Cassel Report (2006), pp. 8, 14, 21, 25, 51, 56, 58–65.〕〔(Collusion in the South Armagh/Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s ). Pat Finucane Centre; retrieved 2 January 2011.〕 Twenty-five British soldiers and police officers were named as purported members of the gang.〔(''Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland'' - Conclusions ), PatFinucaneCentre.org; accessed 7 May 2015.〕 Details about the group have come from many sources, including the affidavit of former member and RUC officer John Weir; statements by other former members; police, army and court documents; and ballistics evidence linking the same weapons to various attacks. Since 2003, the group's activities have also been investigated by the 2006 ''Cassel Report'', and three reports commissioned by Irish Supreme Court Justice Henry Barron, known as the ''Barron Reports''.〔(The First Barron Report (2003) ); retrieved 14 December 2010.〕 A book focusing on the group's activities, ''Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland'', was published in 2013.〔(''Lethal Allies'' review ), irishtimes.com; accessed 7 May 2015.〕 It drew on all the aforementioned sources, as well as Historical Enquiries Team investigations.
''Lethal Allies'' claims that permutations of the group killed about 120 people – almost all of whom were "upwardly mobile" Catholic civilians with no links to Irish republican paramilitaries.〔 The ''Cassel Report'' investigated 76 killings attributed to the group and found evidence that British soldiers and RUC officers were involved in 74 of those.〔The Cassel Report (2006), p. 4〕 John Weir claimed his superiors knew he was working with loyalist militants but allowed it to continue.〔The Cassel Report (2006), p. 63〕 The ''Cassel Report'' also said that some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish.〔 It has been alleged that some key members were double agents working for British military intelligence and RUC Special Branch.〔〔The First Barron Report (2003). pp. 136, 172〕 Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings, the Miami Showband killings, and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings.〔 Many of the victims were killed at their homes or in indiscriminate attacks on Catholic-owned pubs with guns and/or bombs. Some were shot after being stopped at fake British Army checkpoints, and a number of the attacks were co-ordinated.〔The Cassel Report (2006), p.12〕 When it wished to "claim" its attacks, the group usually used the name "Protestant Action Force". The name "Glenanne gang" has been used since 2003 and is derived from the farm at Glenanne (near Markethill, County Armagh) that was used as the gang's main 'base of operations'.〔The First Barron Report (2003). pp. 144-45.〕〔("Victims' families sue over UVF Glenanne gang collusion claims" ). BBC News, 15 November 2013.〕 It also made use of a farm near Dungannon.〔("Book claims 'indisputable evidence of security forces collusion'" ). BBC News, 24 October 2013.〕
==Political situation in Northern Ireland==
(詳細はthe Troubles had radically transformed the daily lives of people in Northern Ireland; after five years of turbulent civil unrest, the bombings and shootings showed no signs of abating. The armed campaign waged by the Provisional IRA had escalated, with bombings in England and increased attacks on the security forces in Northern Ireland. The British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) bore the brunt of IRA violence and many Protestants felt their people to be under attack. Rogue members of the RUC Special Patrol Group (SPG) believed that the situation was rapidly deteriorating and that the IRA were actually 'winning the war'. As early as the end of 1973, it was suggested that drastic measures had to be taken to defeat the organisation.〔Liam Clarke. "RUC men's secret war with the IRA", ''The Sunday Times'' (7 March 1999).〕 The SPG was a specialised police unit tasked with providing back-up to the regular RUC and to police sensitive areas.
On 10 February 1975, the Provisional IRA and British government entered into a truce and restarted negotiations. The IRA agreed to halt attacks on the British security forces, and the security forces mostly ended its raids and searches.〔(Extracts from ''The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA'' by Kevin J. Kelley ). Zed Books Ltd, 1988. (Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN) ); accessed 27 May 2014.〕 However, there were dissenters on both sides. Some Provisionals wanted no part of the truce, while British commanders resented being told to stop their operations against the IRA just when—they claimed—they had the Provisionals on the run.〔 There was a rise in sectarian killings during the truce, which 'officially' lasted until February 1976. Ulster loyalist paramilitaries, fearing they were about to be forsaken by the British government and forced into a united Ireland,〔Taylor, Peter (1999). ''Loyalists''. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 142〕 increased their attacks on Roman Catholics and nationalists. Loyalist fears were partially grounded in fact as Secret Intelligence Service officer Michael Oatley had engaged in negotiations with a member of the IRA Army Council during which "structures of disengagement" from Ireland were discussed. This had meant a possible withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland.〔Taylor, pp. 142–143〕 Loyalists killed 120 Catholics in 1975, the vast majority civilians.〔Taylor, Peter. ''Brits: The War Against the IRA''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001. p. 182〕 They hoped to force the IRA to retaliate in kind and thus hasten an end to the truce.〔
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